The first lessons explain C concepts using small snippets of code. You'll learn the basics of C syntax and how to work with data types like strings, numbers, and booleans. It's all interactive, and you'll be writing and running code within minutes. These first lessons assume no prior knowledge of programming or the C language. You can try these tutorials in different environments. The concepts you'll learn are the same. The difference is which experience you prefer:. All the introductory tutorials following the Hello World lesson are available using the online browser experience or in your own local development environment.
At the end of each tutorial, you decide if you want to continue with the next lesson online or on your own machine. There are links to help you set up your environment and continue with the next tutorial on your machine. Here's how. The Visual Studio Installer launches. Choose the. NET Core cross-platform development workload, and then choose Modify. In the Create a new project window, choose C from the Language list. Next, choose Windows from the Platform list and Console from the project types list.
After you apply the language, platform, and project type filters, choose the Console Application template, and then select Next. If you don't see the Console Application template, select Install more tools and features. Then, in the Visual Studio Installer, choose the. After that, choose the Modify button in the Visual Studio Installer. You might be prompted to save your work; if so, do so.
Next, choose Continue to install the workload. Then, return to step 2 in this " Create a project " procedure. In the Configure your new project window, type or enter Calculator in the Project name box.
Then, choose Next. In the Additional information window,. NET Core 3. If not, select. Then, choose Create. In the Create a new project window, select All languages , and then choose C from the dropdown list. Choose Windows from the All platforms list, and choose Console from the All project types list. After you apply the language, platform, and project type filters, choose the Console App template, and then select Next.
If you don't see the Console App template, select Install more tools and features. In the Visual Studio Installer, choose the. NET desktop development workload, and then select Modify. In the Configure your new project window, type or enter Calculator in the Project name box, and then select Next. NET 6. Select Create. Starting with. NET 6, new projects using the console template generate different code than previous versions.
To learn more, see the New C templates generate top-level statements page. Specifically, delete the line that says, Console. WriteLine "Hello World! Notice that when you do so, the IntelliSense feature in Visual Studio offers you the option to autocomplete the entry.
The following animation isn't intended to duplicate the preceding code. It's intended only to show how the autocomplete feature works. Choose the green Start button next to Calculator to build and run your program, or press F5. Optional You can change the operator to change the result. So you will write csc hello. This will create a hello. Now you have to ways to execute the hello.
First, you have to simply type the filename i. Second, you can go to the directory where you saved your program and there you find filename. You have to simply double-click that file and it will give the output. Identifiers In programming languages, identifiers are used for identification purpose. Or in other words, identifiers are the user-defined name of the program components. In C , an identifier can be a class name, method name, variable name or a label.
Rules for defining identifiers in C : There are certain valid rules for defining a valid C identifier. These rules should be followed, otherwise, we will get a compile-time error.
Identifiers should not start with digits []. Identifiers should not contain white spaces. Identifiers are not allowed to use as keyword unless they include as a prefix.
C identifiers allow Unicode Characters. C identifiers are case-sensitive. C identifiers cannot contain more than characters. Identifiers does not contain two consecutive underscores in its name because such types of identifiers are used for the implementation. These words are therefore not allowed to use as variable names or objects. Doing this will result in a compile-time error. To read more this, you can refer to the article Keywords in C.
A Variable is a placeholder of the information which can be changed at runtime. And variables allows to Retrieve and Manipulate the stored information. In above example, var is a valid identifier. In above example char is a type. The name of the variables cannot be started with a digit. The name of the variable cannot be any C keyword say int, float, null, String, etc. Basically, the actual use of variables comes under the initialization part.
In C each data type has some default value which is used when there is no explicitly set value for a given variable. Initialization can be done separately or may be with declaration.
The fixed values are called as Literal. Literal is a value which is used by the variables. Values can be either an integer, float or string etc.
WriteLine a ; Console. WriteLine ch ; Console. To know more about literals, you can refer to the article Literals in C Data Types Data types specify the type of data that a valid C variable can hold.
C is a strongly typed programming language because in C , each type of data such as integer, character, float, and so forth is predefined as part of the programming language and all constants or variables defined for a given program must be described with one of the data types. In C , data types are divided into 3 categories as shown below: 1. Value Data Types : In C , the Value Data Types will directly store the variable value in memory and it will also accept both signed and unsigned literals.
The derived class for these data types are System. The built-in reference types are string, object. WriteLine obj. Int32 3. It is used to determine the address of a variable. It is used to access the value of an address. Thus the functionality of C language is incomplete without the use of operators. Operators allow us to perform different kinds of operations on operands. In C , operators Can be categorized based upon their different functionality :.
In C , Operators can also categorized based upon Number of Operands : Unary Operator : Operator that takes one operand to perform the operation. Binary Operator : Operator that takes two operands to perform the operation.
Ternary Operator : Operator that takes three operands to perform the operation. It is mainly used to assign the names or string values to integral constants, that make a program easy to read and maintain.
For example, the 4 suits in a deck of playing cards may be 4 enumerators named Club, Diamond, Heart, and Spade, belonging to an enumerated type named Suit. Other examples include natural enumerated types like the planets, days of the week, colors, directions, etc. The main objective of enum is to define our own data types Enumerated Data Types. Enumeration is declared using enum keyword directly inside a namespace, class, or structure.
Because by default, the first member of an enum has the value 0 and the value of each successive enum member is increased by 1. We can change this default value. Example: Consider the below code for the enum. Here enum with name month is created and its data members are the name of months like jan, feb, mar, apr, may.
An explicit cast is required to convert from enum type to an integral type. Decision Making Statements Decision Making in programming is similar to decision making in real life. In programming too, a certain block of code needs to be executed when some condition is fulfilled. A programming language uses control statements to control the flow of execution of the program based on certain conditions. These are used to cause the flow of execution to advance and branch based on changes to the state of a program.
WriteLine "i is 20" ; else Console. It provides an efficient way to transfer the execution to different parts of a code based on the value of the expression. The switch expression is of integer type such as int, char, byte, or short, or of an enumeration type, or of string type.
The expression is checked for different cases and the one match is executed. Flow Chart: Important points to remember: In C , duplicate case values are not allowed. The data type of the variable in the switch and value of a case must be of the same type. The value of a case must be a constant or a literal. Variables are not allowed.
The break in switch statement is used to terminate the current sequence. The default statement is optional and it can be used anywhere inside the switch statement.
Multiple default statements are not allowed. WriteLine "case 1" ; break ; case 5: Console. WriteLine "case 5" ; break ; case 9: Console. WriteLine "case 9" ; break ; default : Console. Loops Looping in a programming language is a way to execute a statement or a set of statements multiple times depending on the result of the condition to be evaluated to execute statements. The result condition should be true to execute statements within loops.
Loops are mainly divided into two categories: Entry Controlled Loops: The loops in which condition to be tested is present at the beginning of the loop body are known as Entry Controlled Loops. Exit Controlled Loops: The loops in which the testing condition is present at the end of the loop body are termed as Exit Controlled Loops.
In Exit Controlled Loops, the loop body will be evaluated for at least one time as the testing condition is present at the end of the loop body. Flowchart: 1. It is the starting point of for loop. An already declared variable can be used or a variable can be declared, local to loop only. Testing Condition: The testing condition to execute statements of loop.
It is used for testing the exit condition for a loop. It must return a boolean value true or false. When the condition became false the control will be out from the loop and for loop ends. Note: Initialization part is evaluated only once when the for loop starts. The collection may be an array or a list. It executes for each element present in the array. Instead of declaring and initializing a loop counter variable, you declare a variable that is the same type as the base type of the array, followed by a colon, which is then followed by the array name.
In the loop body, you can use the loop variable you created rather than using an indexed array element. There are mainly 4 keywords in the Jump Statements:. After that, the control will pass to the statements that present after the break statement, if available. If the break statement present in the nested loop, then it terminates only those loops which contains break statement. After that, it transfers the control to the beginning of the loop. Basically, it skips its following statements and continues with the next iteration of the loop.
The label is the valid identifier and placed just before the statement from where the control is transferred. WriteLine "case 5" ; break ; case Console. WriteLine "case 10" ; break ; case Console. It returns an optional value. If the type of method is void, then the return statement can be excluded. And each data item is called an element of the array. The data types of the elements may be any valid data type like char, int, float, etc. Length of the array specifies the number of elements present in the array.
In C the allocation of memory for the arrays is done dynamically. And arrays are kind of objects, therefore it is easy to find their size using the predefined functions. The variables in the array are ordered and each has an index beginning from 0. The following figure shows how array stores values sequentially : Explanation: The index is starting from 0, which stores value.
Array index is to be increased by 1 in sequence whenever its not reach the array size. To know more about this, you can refer to the article Arrays in C String In C , string is a sequence of Unicode characters or an array of characters.
The array of characters is also termed as the text. So the string is the representation of the text. A string is an important concept and people get confused about whether the string is a keyword or an object or a class. A string is represented by the class System. String class and instead of writing System. String one can use String which is a shorthand for System.
String class. So we can say string and String both can be used as an alias of System. So string is an object of System. NET base class library. In other words a String object is a sequential collection of System. Char objects which represents a string. The maximum size of String object in memory is 2GB or about 1 billion characters. String class is immutable , i. Program: To illustrate how to declare the string and initialize the string.
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C C-Sharp is a programming language developed by Microsoft that runs on the.
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